CMD

1. File and Directory Management:

• attrib: Displays or changes file or directory attributes (hidden, read-only, archive, etc.).
  • Syntax: attrib [+r|-r] [+a|-a] [+s|-s] [+h|-h] [drive:][path]filename
  • Options:
    • +r: Set read-only attribute
    • -r: Clear read-only attribute
    • +a: Set archive attribute
    • -a: Clear archive attribute
    • +s: Set system attribute
    • -s: Clear system attribute
    • +h: Set hidden attribute
    • -h: Clear hidden attribute
  • Examples:
    • attrib +h myfile.txt: Make myfile.txt hidden.
    • attrib -r myfile.txt: Remove the read-only attribute from myfile.txt.
    • attrib *.*: Display attributes of all files in the current directory.
• cd or chdir: Changes the current directory.
  • Syntax: cd [path] or chdir [path]
  • Options:
    • ..: Go to the parent directory.
    • \: Go to the root of the drive.
  • Examples:
    • cd Documents: Go to the Documents folder in the current directory.
    • cd C:\Users\User\Downloads: Go to the Downloads folder on drive C.
    • cd ..: Go to the parent directory.
    • cd \: Go to the root of the current drive.
• copy: Copies one or more files.
  • Syntax: copy [source_file] [destination_file]
  • Options:
    • /a – Copy an ASCII file
    • /b – Copy a binary file
    • /v – Verify that files were copied correctly
  • Examples:
    • copy myfile.txt mycopy.txt: Copy myfile.txt to mycopy.txt.
    • copy *.txt C:\Backup: Copy all files with the .txt extension to the C:\Backup folder.
• del or erase: Deletes one or more files.
  • Syntax: del [filename] or erase [filename]
  • Options:
    • /p: Prompt for confirmation before deleting each file.
    • /f: Force deletion of read-only files.
    • /s: Delete files from subdirectories.
    • /q – Delete files without prompting.
  • Examples:
    • del myfile.txt: Delete myfile.txt.
    • del *.tmp: Delete all files with the .tmp extension.
    • del /f /s *.log – Delete all files with the .log extension in the current directory and all subdirectories, without confirmation.
• dir: Displays a list of files and directories in the current directory.
  • Syntax: dir [path] [options]
  • Options:
    • /a: Display all files (including hidden ones).
    • /w: Display the list in wide format.
    • /p: Display the list page by page.
    • /s: Display files from subdirectories as well.
    • /b – Display only the file name.
  • Examples:
    • dir: Display a list of files and directories in the current directory.
    • dir C:\Users\User\Documents /a: Display all files in the Documents directory.
    • dir /w: Display a list of files and directories in the current directory in wide format.
    • dir /b /s *.txt: Show all *.txt files with their full path.
• mkdir or md: Creates a new directory.
  • Syntax: mkdir [path] or md [path]
  • Examples:
    • mkdir NewFolder: Create a new folder NewFolder in the current directory.
    • mkdir C:\Backup: Create a new Backup folder on drive C.
• move: Moves one or more files or directories.
  • Syntax: move [source_file] [destination_file]
  • Examples:
    • move myfile.txt C:\Documents: Move myfile.txt to the C:\Documents folder.
    • move dir1 dir2 – Move folder dir1 to folder dir2.
• rd or rmdir: Deletes a directory.
  • Syntax: rd [path] or rmdir [path]
  • Options:
    • /s: Delete the directory with all its subdirectories.
    • /q – Delete the directory without prompting.
  • Examples:
    • rd myfolder: Delete the empty folder myfolder.
    • rd /s /q myfolder – Delete the myfolder directory with all its contents without prompting.
• ren or rename: Renames a file or directory.
  • Syntax: ren [old_name] [new_name]
  • Examples:
    • ren myfile.txt newfile.txt: Rename myfile.txt to newfile.txt.
• type: Displays the content of a text file.
  • Syntax: type [filename]
  • Example: type myfile.txt: Display the content of myfile.txt.
• xcopy: Copies files and directories (including subdirectories).
  • Syntax: xcopy [source] [destination] [options]
  • Options:
    • /s: Copy directories and subdirectories (except empty ones).
    • /e: Copy directories and subdirectories (including empty ones).
    • /i: If the destination does not exist, create it.
    • /y: Suppress prompt to confirm overwriting.
    • /d – Copy only newer files.
  • Examples:
    • xcopy C:\Source D:\Destination /s: Copy the C:\Source directory to all subdirectories in the D:\Destination folder.
    • xcopy C:\Source D:\Destination /e /y: Copy the C:\Source directory to all subdirectories in the D:\Destination folder, including empty ones and without prompting for overwrite.

2. Disk Management:

• diskpart: Launches the disk management utility (partitions, volumes).
  • Syntax: diskpart
  • Notes:
    • diskpart is an interactive utility that has its own set of commands.
    • Administrator rights are required to use it.
    • You can learn more about using diskpart with the help command within the utility.
• format: Formats a disk.
  • Syntax: format [drive:] [options]
  • Options:
    • /q – Quick format
    • /fs:file-system – Choose file system type (e.g., NTFS, FAT32)
  • Examples:
    • format D: /q: Quick format of drive D:.
    • format E: /fs:NTFS: Format drive E: to NTFS file system.
  • Warning: Formatting a disk deletes all data on it!
• label: Sets or changes the disk label.
  • Syntax: label [drive:][label]
  • Examples:
    • label D: NewLabel – Set the label on drive D to NewLabel.
    • label D: – Clear the label from drive D.

3. System Management:

• cls: Clears the command prompt screen.
  • Syntax: cls
• date: Displays or changes the current date.
  • Syntax: date [new_date]
  • Examples:
    • date: Display the current date.
    • date 12-25-2024: Change the date to December 25, 2024.
• exit: Exits the command prompt.
  • Syntax: exit
• shutdown: Shuts down or restarts the computer.
  • Syntax: shutdown [options]
  • Options:
    • /s: Shut down the computer.
    • /r: Restart the computer.
    • /a: Abort shutdown or restart.
    • /t xxx – Delay in seconds before shutdown or restart.
  • Examples:
    • shutdown /s /t 60: Shut down the computer in 60 seconds.
    • shutdown /r: Restart the computer.
    • shutdown /a: Abort scheduled shutdown or restart.
• tasklist: Displays a list of running processes.
  • Syntax: tasklist [options]
  • /v – Verbose information.
  • /fo csv – Output in CSV format.
  • /fi "imagename eq notepad.exe" – Find all notepad processes.
  • Examples:
    • tasklist: Show a list of running processes.
    • tasklist /v: Show a list of running processes with detailed information.
• taskkill: Terminates a process.
  • Syntax: taskkill [options]
  • Options:
    • /im imagename – Terminate process by image name.
    • /pid pid – Terminate process by ID.
    • /f – Forcefully terminate process.
  • Examples:
    • taskkill /im notepad.exe: Terminate all processes with the name notepad.exe.
    • taskkill /pid 1234: Terminate the process with ID 1234.
    • taskkill /im notepad.exe /f – Forcefully terminate all notepad.exe processes.
• time: Displays or changes the current time.
  • Syntax: time [new_time]
  • Examples:
    • time: Display the current time.
    • time 15:30: Set the time to 15:30.
• ver: Displays the operating system version.
  • Syntax: ver
• systeminfo: Displays detailed system information.
  • Syntax: systeminfo
• taskmgr: Launches Task Manager.
  • Syntax: taskmgr

4. Network:

• ipconfig: Displays network configuration.
  • Syntax: ipconfig [options]
  • Options:
    • /all: Display full information about network adapters.
    • /release: Release the IP address.
    • /renew: Request a new IP address.
  • Examples:
    • ipconfig: Display basic network configuration.
    • ipconfig /all: Display full information about all network adapters.
    • ipconfig /release – Release IP address.
    • ipconfig /renew – Request a new IP address.
• ping: Sends an echo request to another computer on the network.
  • Syntax: ping [hostname_or_ip_address] [options]
  • -n xxx – Number of requests.
  • -t – Ping indefinitely.
  • Examples:
    • ping google.com: Ping the google.com server.
    • ping 192.168.1.100: Ping the computer with IP address 192.168.1.100.
    • ping google.com -n 10 – Perform 10 pings.
• tracert: Displays the path of packets to another computer on the network.
  • Syntax: tracert [hostname_or_ip_address]
  • Example: tracert google.com: Display the path of packets to google.com.
• netstat: Displays network connections.
  • Syntax: netstat [options]
  • Options:
    • -a: Shows all connections.
    • -b: Shows applications that created connections.
  • Examples:
    • netstat – Show all active connections.
    • netstat -a -b – Show all connections and the running applications that opened them.
• nslookup: Queries DNS information.
  • Syntax: nslookup [hostname]
  • Example: nslookup google.com: Query DNS information for google.com.

5. Other Commands:

• assoc: Displays or changes file associations.
  • Syntax: assoc [.extension]=[file_type]
  • Examples:
    • assoc .txt: Display the file type for the .txt extension.
    • assoc .txt=txtfile: Set the file type for the .txt extension to txtfile.
• call: Calls one batch file from another.
  • Syntax: call [batch_file_name]
  • Example: call mybatch.bat: Call the batch file mybatch.bat.
• chcp: Changes the console code page.
  • Syntax: chcp [code_page_number]
  • Examples:
    • chcp 1251: Set the code page for Cyrillic.
    • chcp: Display the current code page.
• choice: Allows the user to choose from a list of options.
  • Syntax: choice [/c [options]] [/n] [/t [seconds]] [/d [option]] [text]
  • Options:
    • /c: Specifies available options.
    • /n: Hides the list of available options.
    • /t: Specifies the timeout (in seconds).
    • /d: Specifies the default option.
  • Example: choice /c yn /t 10 /d n "Do you really want to exit?"
• find: Searches for a text string in a file.
  • Syntax: find "string" [filename]
  • Examples:
    • find "Hello" myfile.txt – Searches for the string “Hello” in myfile.txt.
• findstr: Searches for text strings in files (more powerful than find).
  • Syntax: findstr [options] "string" [filename]
  • Options:
    • /i – Case-insensitive search.
    • /n – Display line numbers.
    • /s – Search in all subdirectories.
  • Examples:
    • findstr /i "error" myfile.log: Searches for the string “error” (case-insensitive) in myfile.log.
    • findstr /n "error" *.log – Searches for the string “error” in all .log files and shows line numbers.
• gpupdate: Updates group policies.
  • Syntax: gpupdate [options]
  • Options:
    • /force – Force update.
  • Example: gpupdate /force – Force update group policies.
• help or /?: Displays help for a command.
  • Syntax: help [command_name] or [command_name] /?
  • Example: help dir or dir /?: Display help for the dir command.
• pause: Pauses batch file execution and waits for a key press.
  • Syntax: pause
• path: Displays or changes the PATH environment variables.
  • Syntax: path [path]
  • Examples:
    • path: Show the current value of the PATH variable.
    • path C:\bin – Add the C:\bin folder to the PATH variable.
• prompt: Customizes the command prompt string.
  • Syntax: prompt [text]
  • Examples:
    • prompt $p$g: Set the prompt string to the current path.
    • prompt MyPrompt>: Set the prompt string to MyPrompt>.
• set: Displays, sets, or removes environment variables.
  • Syntax: set [name=[value]]
  • Examples:
    • set: Display all environment variables.
    • set myvar=myvalue: Set the environment variable myvar to myvalue.
    • set myvar=: Remove the environment variable myvar.
• start: Launches a program or opens a file.
  • Syntax: start [program_or_file_name] [options]
  • Examples:
    • start notepad.exe: Launch Notepad.
    • start myfile.txt: Open myfile.txt with the default program.
    • start "" "C:\Program Files\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe" "https://www.google.com" – Open a website in Chrome.
• tree: Displays the graphical directory structure.
  • Syntax: tree [drive:][path] [options]
  • Options:
    • /f: Also display file names.
    • /a – Use ASCII characters.
  • Examples:
    • tree – Show the structure of the current directory.
    • tree /f – Show the structure of the current directory with files.
• where: Locates a file.
  • Syntax: where [filename]
  • Example: where notepad.exe

6. Batch File Commands:

• echo: Displays text on the screen.
  • Syntax: echo [text]
  • echo on – Enable command display when executing a batch file.
  • echo off – Disable command display when executing a batch file.
  • Examples:
    • echo Hello, world!: Display “Hello, world!”.
    • echo off – Disable command output.
    • echo on – Enable command output.
• rem: Adds a comment to a batch file.
  • Syntax: rem [comment]
  • Example: rem This is a comment
• goto: Jumps to a label.
  • Syntax: goto [label]
  • Example:
    batch :start echo Hello goto end echo This will not be displayed :end echo Goodbye
• if: Performs conditional logic.
  • Syntax: if [not] condition (command1) else (command2)
  • Examples:
    • if exist file.txt echo file exists – Check for file existence.
    • if %var%== "text" echo variable has value – Check variable value.
• for: Performs a loop action.
  • Syntax: for %%variable in (set) do [command]
  • Example:batch for %%a in (*.txt) do ( echo %%a type %%a echo ------------- )
    • Display the name of each .txt file and its content.

Warning:

• Be careful when using commands that can modify the system, especially when used with administrator privileges.
• Before executing the format command, make sure you have selected the correct drive.