sh – 💻 🧠 Code 1001

In This Article

ls – list files ls ls -l # detailed ls -a # include hidden
cd – change directory cd /path/to/folder cd .. # up cd ~ # home
cp – copy files cp file1.txt file2.txt cp -r folder1/ folder2/ # copy folder recursively
mv – move/rename files mv file1.txt /tmp/ mv oldname.txt newname.txt
rm – remove files/folders rm file.txt rm -r folder/ # remove folder recursively rm -f file.txt # force delete
mkdir – make directory mkdir new_folder mkdir -p path/to/folder # create parent folders
rmdir – remove empty directory rmdir old_folder
touch – create empty file or update timestamp touch file.txt
cat – view file content cat file.txt
tree – display directory tree tree tree -a # include hidden files

df – disk space usage df -h # human readable
du – folder/file size du -sh folder/ du -sh * # size of all items
mount / umount – mount/unmount drives mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb umount /mnt/usb
chmod – change permissions chmod 755 script.sh chmod +x script.sh # make executable
chown – change owner chown user:group file.txt
ln – create symbolic/hard links ln -s target link_name # symbolic link ln file1 file2 # hard link

uname – system info uname -a
whoami – current user whoami
uptime – system uptime uptime
top / htop – processes top htop
ps – process snapshot ps aux ps -ef | grep python
kill / killall – stop processes kill 1234 killall firefox
df / du – disk usage info df -h du -sh folder/
date / timedatectl – check/set date and time date sudo timedatectl set-time "2025-09-21 12:00:00"
shutdown / reboot – power commands sudo shutdown -h now sudo reboot

ping – check connectivity ping google.com ping -c 4 google.com # send 4 packets
ifconfig / ip addr – network interfaces ifconfig ip addr
netstat / ss – network connections netstat -tuln ss -tuln
traceroute – route packets traceroute google.com
nslookup / dig – DNS query nslookup google.com dig google.com

find – search files/folders find /path -name "*.txt" find . -type d -name "backup"
grep – search text inside files grep "hello" file.txt grep -r "error" /var/log grep -i "warning" file.txt
locate – fast file search (uses database) locate file.txt

tar – archive and extract tar -cvf archive.tar folder/ tar -xvf archive.tar tar -czvf archive.tar.gz folder/ tar -xzvf archive.tar.gz
zip / unzip – compress/uncompress zip archive.zip file1 file2 unzip archive.zip
gzip / gunzip – compress single file gzip file.txt gunzip file.txt.gz

apt – install, update, remove sudo apt update sudo apt install package_name sudo apt remove package_name sudo apt upgrade
dpkg – manage local packages dpkg -i package.deb dpkg -r package_name

Variables name="John" echo "Hello $name"
Conditionals if [ -f "file.txt" ]; then echo "File exists" else echo "No file" fi
Loops for i in 1 2 3; do echo "Number $i" done
Functions myfunc() { echo "Hello $1" } myfunc World
Read input read -p "Enter name: " name echo "Hello $name"

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